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软件工程的 K 型未来

这篇文章判断:AI 不会“干掉所有开发者”,而会把软件工程推向严重的 K 型分化——少数理解业务和能扛模糊的人价值暴涨,多数只会写代码和躲在细节里的人会被快速边缘化,这个判断方向大体成立,但在裁员逻辑、Junior 成长路径和 AI 进化速度上过于乐观。
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2026-02-21 原文链接 ↗
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核心观点

  • AI 是杠杆,不是替代品 作者认为 AI 不会统一拉高或拉平工程师水平,而是放大原有差异:团队 A 本来就以影响、业务、用户为核心工作,用 AI 可以更快探索更多解法;团队 B 本来就沉迷技术争论、流程和伪“代码洁癖”,用 AI 只会更快生产无影响的垃圾代码,这一“放大器”视角是可信的。
  • 需求“不会崩塌”,但说成“不会裁员”有问题 文中主张软件需求没有物理上限,效率提升 3 倍不会导致裁掉 2/3 工程师,而是会开启更多项目和机会,这在“理论需求”层面有道理,但在现实里忽视了财报压力和预算约束,企业在资本收紧周期完全可能优先通过裁员兑现利润率,这点被作者淡化了。
  • 真正稀缺的是判断力与上下文,不是敲代码速度 作者指出,高级工程师(Staff+)值钱不是因为写得快,而是因为能定义问题、理解业务,能在不完整信息下做决策,并在长期模糊中保持推进;AI 把“写代码”成本压低后,这些能力相对更关键,这一价值迁移趋势基本站得住脚。
  • 行业将出现职业路径的 K 型分化 文章判断:能回答“我最近一次推动核心指标是什么、最近一次和用户/业务一线合作是什么”这些问题的人,会被 AI 放大成更高杠杆个体;而长期只做“按单执行、不碰业务、不扛不确定”的人,会发现自己被慢慢替代或边缘化,这种方向性的分化在当前招聘和裁员样本中已有早期迹象。
  • AI 时代的团队竞争在于速度 + 适应,而非 Jira 工单量 作者认为平台变迁从“以年为单位”变成“以月为单位”,适应快的团队会形成复利优势,适应慢的团队会处于持久火力劣势;这放大了“能在模糊下行动、快速试错”的团队文化价值,但也意味着中小团队和弱地区在结构上更容易被甩开。

跟我们的关联

1. 对 ATou:职业路径必须从“写代码”转向“定义问题 + 扛业务指标” 这篇文章意味着:如果你还把自己定位在“能高效把需求文档翻译成代码”的角色,你会被 AI 和更便宜的劳动力联合挤压;下一步要主动争取参与产品定义、指标设计、与销售/市场/客服共创项目,把自己往“价值链上游”挪,否则 AI 只会变成让你“更快被替换”的工具。

2. 对 Neta:团队建设要从“栈技能表”转为“业务战斗力画像” 文章的信息是:只按语言/框架招人,会换来一群“团队 B”型执行者,AI 只会让他们更快堆无用产出;下一步在招聘和考核中要显式加入:是否有推动业务指标的经验、是否习惯在模糊环境中摸索、是否主动接触用户/一线,这样 AI 投入才会变成真正的杠杆,而不是更贵的性能开销。

3. 对 Uota:在学习路径上要优先练“判断力 + 连接上下文”而非只刷技术题 文章提醒:只刷 LeetCode、只堆技术栈,未来会被 AI 彻底碾压;下一步可以将边学边做的小项目对齐到“真实指标”(转化率、留存、反馈评分),主动找用户访谈、看数据、做简单实验,让自己的学习轨迹从“会写”升级到“会选 + 会验证”,为未来进入“团队 A”打基础。

4. 对所有人:要警惕“AI 乐观叙事”掩盖的结构性风险 作者把 K 型分化主要当成个人与团队能力问题,却弱化了预算、地理、行业差异对机会分配的影响;对我们来说,意味着不能只靠“努力变成 team A”来自救,还要认清自己所在行业和地区的结构位置,提前规划(如:向离钱近的岗位迁移、选择 AI 强相关赛道、预留转型 runway),而不是被动等待公司“自动善待高价值人才”。

讨论引子

1. 在你所在的团队或公司里,真的存在文中那种明确的“团队 A / 团队 B”分化吗?如果有,是哪些行为或决策最明显地区分了两类人? 2. 你认同“效率提升不会导致裁员,而会带来新机会”这个说法吗?在你见过的裁员或扩编案例里,AI/自动化到底起到了什么作用? 3. 如果 AI 在 3-5 年后能够较好地做产品分析、实验设计和路线图建议,现在押注“业务型工程师”(Staff+ 画像)是不是也存在被进一步自动化的风险?

(照片来源:哈佛大学)

开发者要凉了。

如果机器现在就能把代码写到这种程度,工程还有什么意义?

乍看之下,最显而易见的答案听起来很聪明:开发者的时代结束了。就像农业社会遇到拖拉机一样,软件工程师将不得不重新学习技能,去做别的事情。

你常会从把它类比工业革命的人那里听到这种观点,也会从正为下一轮巨额 AI 融资奔走的创始人那里听到。

但现实正在发生的是:科技行业正在一分为二。我们正处在 K 型分化的起点:一些工程师的价值比以往任何时候都更高,而另一些人则眼看自己的技能在实时贬值。

工程并非被取代,而是被重新分配

AI 并没有取代软件开发,而是在重新分配它。科技行业正在重塑工作的样貌,以及谁能捕获价值。

在与工程团队共事十多年后,我发现区分优秀团队与平庸团队的模式一再出现,而这很少只是编码速度的问题。

想象两支团队:

团队 A:

关注影响,而非忙碌

面对模糊问题也能推进,而不陷入瘫痪

理解产品、业务和数据,而不只是代码库

设计高杠杆的系统,并主动降低复杂度

快速采用新工具,并以良好的判断加以运用

在长时间探索、尚未确定方向之前也能保持从容

能为棘手问题找到有创意的解法

对用户体验近乎执着

团队 B:

把争论库和设计模式当作一种拖延

在理解问题之前就开始构建

沉迷于表演式的代码质量

在琐碎细节上纠缠,而不是让用户更开心

抱怨人手不足,把时间线一拖再拖

一觉得混乱就加流程

哪支团队会从能在几秒内生成可运行代码的 AI 中受益更多?

一旦看清这一点,答案就显而易见:AI 是杠杆,而杠杆会放大你原本的样子。团队 A 用这根杠杆去探索更多方案、更快交付,并攻克过去无暇优先处理的问题。团队 B 则用它生成更多本来就不会产生影响的代码。

我在 Pinterest 的时候,我们被要求在没有清晰路线图的情况下,把 SMB 广告业务增长到原来的 5 倍。我的团队围绕这个目标拧成一股绳,交付了数十个实验。我们重新设计了新手引导流程,部署机器学习模型来提升定向效果,钻进不熟悉的代码库,并持续与产品、数据科学和销售跨团队协作。有的押注奏效,有的没有,但在我任职期间,我们最终超额完成了目标。

编码是最重要的部分吗?当时完全不像。代码更像是令人烦躁的手段,而非目的。在 AI 时代,这种摩擦会缩小十倍。

需求不会崩塌

软件很特殊。不同于农业或制造业,需求没有天然的上限。没有哪块田会被“种满”,也没有哪项配额会被“完成”。工作会扩张到填满可用产能,然后还会继续扩张。

当工程师的效率提升到原来的 3 倍时,公司并不会自动把人手砍掉三分之二。相反,他们会追逐过去无力追逐的机会:进入相邻市场;重建那些动一动就太昂贵的系统;把“够用”的标准抬得更高。

这并不新鲜。几十年来,科技公司已经向工程效率投入了数百亿美元。如果代码产出是竞争市场里的核心优势,那么谷歌或微软那支工程师大军早就把所有软件都“吃掉”了。

这一次在 2026 年的不同之处在于速度。过去的平台变迁要以年为单位展开,而这一次以月为单位计。适应得快的团队会让优势不断复利;适应得慢的团队会发现自己越来越处于火力劣势。科技行业并不是一个只靠在 Jira 上打工单的真空世界;它已经成为全球竞争最激烈的行业之一。

真正难的部分

我觉得很多人忽略了这一点:写代码从来都不是最难的部分。

真正难的是弄清楚该造什么,以及对用户理解得足够深,才能知道他们真正需要什么;是把一个想法卖给持怀疑态度的利益相关者;是在信息不完整的情况下做出好决策;是在项目漫长的中段保持势头——当最初的兴奋消退,而终点线仍未可见。

Staff+(Staff 及以上)级别的工程师在公司里拿更高的薪酬,并不是因为他们写得更快,或者有一袋子编程花招。他们拿钱是因为判断力、上下文、以及“看见拐角后面”的能力。他们拿钱是为了交付、为错误负责、并行推进多条工作流并消除风险。

他们身上有过去失败留下的“疤”,而且不同于 Opus 4.5,当你提的要求很蠢时,他们会顶回去。这些都不会消失。相反,当团队把自己绑在能帮助他们更快造出“更多错误东西”的编码代理上时,这些能力只会变得更重要。

值得问的问题

这里有个诊断题:你上一次交付一个能推动公司真正关心的指标的东西是什么时候?你上一次和用户交谈是什么时候?你上一次做真正模糊、不确定的事情是什么时候?你上一次和销售、市场或客服一起并肩推进一个项目是什么时候?

如果你没法很快回答,你大概知道自己可能在哪支队伍里。

好消息是:所有人都在一起摸索这个大胆的新未来。操作手册还没有写出来,而且在很多方面,我们仍处在 AI 浪潮的最起点。公司极度渴求能帮他们把这件事弄明白的人。

就像此前的技术革命一样,AI 将是一个重新发明我们自己、我们的工作,以及我们在宇宙中寻找意义的时期。跨越鸿沟抵达彼岸的人,会发现自己比以往任何时候都更快乐、更有价值。

而那些等尘埃落定的人,可能会发现脚下已经没有立足之地。

链接:http://x.com/i/article/2013316181273317377

(Photo source Harvard University)

Developers are cooked.

If machines can code this well now, what's even the point of engineering?

The obvious answer sounds smart on the surface: it's over for developers. Like an agricultural society meeting the tractor, software engineers will need to reskill and do something else.

You'll often hear this take from people drawing parallels to the industrial revolution, or from founders raising their next huge AI round.

What's actually happening is the tech industry is splitting in two. We're at the beginning of a K-shaped divergence: some engineers becoming more valuable than ever, while others watch their skills depreciate in real-time.

Engineering is being displaced not replaced

AI isn't replacing software development, it's displacing it. The tech industry is reshaping what work looks like and who captures the value.

After over a decade working with engineering teams, I've noticed consistent themes of what separates high teams from mediocre ones. It rarely just has to do with coding speed.

Consider two teams:

Team A:

Cares about impact, not activity

Handles ambiguous problems without paralysis

Understands the product, business, and data not just the codebase

Designs high-leverage systems and actively reduces complexity

Adopts new tools quickly and applies them with taste

Stays comfortable during long stretches of exploration before committing to a direction

Finds creative solutions to hard problems

Obsesses over the user experience

Team B:

Debates libraries and design patterns as a form of procrastination

Builds before understanding the problem

Fixates on performative code quality

Bikesheds details instead of making users happy

Complains about headcount and stretches timelines

Adds process when things feel chaotic

Which team benefits more from AI that can generate working code in seconds?

The answer is obvious once you see it: AI is leverage, and leverage amplifies whatever you already are. Team A uses that leverage to explore more solutions, ship faster, and tackle problems they previously couldn't prioritize. Team B uses it to generate more code that wasn't going to be impactful anyway.

When I was at Pinterest, we were tasked with growing the SMB advertising business by 5x without a clear roadmap. My team rallied around this goal, shipping dozens of experiments. We redesigned onboarding, deployed ML models to improve targeting, dove into unfamiliar codebases and collaborated across product, data science, and sales continuously. Some bets worked and some didn't but we ended up overshooting our goal during my tenure there.

Was coding the most important part? It sure didn't feel like it. The code felt like an annoying means to an end. In the age of AI, that friction collapses tenfold.

Demand Won't Collapse

Software is unusual. Unlike farming or manufacturing, there's no natural ceiling on demand. There's no field that's fully planted, no quota that's been met. The work expands to fill the available capacity and then expands further.

When engineers become 3x more productive, companies don't automatically cut headcount by two-thirds. They chase opportunities they previously couldn't afford to pursue. They enter adjacent markets. They rebuild systems that were too expensive to touch. They raise the bar for what "good enough" means.

This isn't new. Technology companies have poured tens of billions of dollars into engineering productivity for decades. If coding output was the primary edge in the competitive marketplace, Google or Microsoft's army of engineers would've eaten up all of software a long time ago.

The difference this time in 2026 is speed. Previous platform shifts played out over years and this one is measured in months. The teams that adapt quickly will compound their advantages. The ones that don't will find themselves increasingly outgunned. The technology industry doesn't exist in a vacuum of Jira ticket punching, it's become one of the most competitive industries in the world.

The Part That's Actually Hard

Here's what I think people miss: coding was never the hardest part.

The hard part is figuring out what to build and understanding users well enough to know what they actually need. It's selling an idea to skeptical stakeholders. It's making good decisions with incomplete information. It's maintaining momentum through the long middle of a project when the initial excitement has faded and the finish line isn't yet visible.

Staff+ engineers aren't paid more in the company because they code faster or have a bag of programming tricks. They're paid for judgment, for context, for the ability to see around corners. They are paid to ship, to own mistakes, to parallelize workstreams and remove risk.

They have scar tissue from failures in the past and, unlike Opus 4.5, they'll push back when something you're asking is dumb. None of that is going away. If anything, it's becoming more important as teams strap themselves to coding agents that can help them build more of the wrong thing but much faster.

The Question Worth Asking

Here's a diagnostic: When's the last time you shipped something that moved a metric your company actually cares about? When's the last time you talked to a user? When's the last time you worked on something genuinely ambiguous? When was the last time you jammed on a project with sales, marketing, or customer service?

If you can't answer quickly, you know which team you might be on.

The good news is that everyone is figuring out this bold new future together. The playbooks haven't been written yet and in many ways we're still at the very beginning of the AI wave. Companies are starving for people that can help them figure it out.

Like the technology revolutions before it, AI will be a period to reinvent ourselves, our work and our search for meaning in the universe. The ones that cross the chasm to the other side will find themselves happier and more valuable than ever.

The ones who wait for the dust to settle may find there's no ground left to stand on.

Link: http://x.com/i/article/2013316181273317377

(照片来源:哈佛大学)

开发者要凉了。

如果机器现在就能把代码写到这种程度,工程还有什么意义?

乍看之下,最显而易见的答案听起来很聪明:开发者的时代结束了。就像农业社会遇到拖拉机一样,软件工程师将不得不重新学习技能,去做别的事情。

你常会从把它类比工业革命的人那里听到这种观点,也会从正为下一轮巨额 AI 融资奔走的创始人那里听到。

但现实正在发生的是:科技行业正在一分为二。我们正处在 K 型分化的起点:一些工程师的价值比以往任何时候都更高,而另一些人则眼看自己的技能在实时贬值。

工程并非被取代,而是被重新分配

AI 并没有取代软件开发,而是在重新分配它。科技行业正在重塑工作的样貌,以及谁能捕获价值。

在与工程团队共事十多年后,我发现区分优秀团队与平庸团队的模式一再出现,而这很少只是编码速度的问题。

想象两支团队:

团队 A:

关注影响,而非忙碌

面对模糊问题也能推进,而不陷入瘫痪

理解产品、业务和数据,而不只是代码库

设计高杠杆的系统,并主动降低复杂度

快速采用新工具,并以良好的判断加以运用

在长时间探索、尚未确定方向之前也能保持从容

能为棘手问题找到有创意的解法

对用户体验近乎执着

团队 B:

把争论库和设计模式当作一种拖延

在理解问题之前就开始构建

沉迷于表演式的代码质量

在琐碎细节上纠缠,而不是让用户更开心

抱怨人手不足,把时间线一拖再拖

一觉得混乱就加流程

哪支团队会从能在几秒内生成可运行代码的 AI 中受益更多?

一旦看清这一点,答案就显而易见:AI 是杠杆,而杠杆会放大你原本的样子。团队 A 用这根杠杆去探索更多方案、更快交付,并攻克过去无暇优先处理的问题。团队 B 则用它生成更多本来就不会产生影响的代码。

我在 Pinterest 的时候,我们被要求在没有清晰路线图的情况下,把 SMB 广告业务增长到原来的 5 倍。我的团队围绕这个目标拧成一股绳,交付了数十个实验。我们重新设计了新手引导流程,部署机器学习模型来提升定向效果,钻进不熟悉的代码库,并持续与产品、数据科学和销售跨团队协作。有的押注奏效,有的没有,但在我任职期间,我们最终超额完成了目标。

编码是最重要的部分吗?当时完全不像。代码更像是令人烦躁的手段,而非目的。在 AI 时代,这种摩擦会缩小十倍。

需求不会崩塌

软件很特殊。不同于农业或制造业,需求没有天然的上限。没有哪块田会被“种满”,也没有哪项配额会被“完成”。工作会扩张到填满可用产能,然后还会继续扩张。

当工程师的效率提升到原来的 3 倍时,公司并不会自动把人手砍掉三分之二。相反,他们会追逐过去无力追逐的机会:进入相邻市场;重建那些动一动就太昂贵的系统;把“够用”的标准抬得更高。

这并不新鲜。几十年来,科技公司已经向工程效率投入了数百亿美元。如果代码产出是竞争市场里的核心优势,那么谷歌或微软那支工程师大军早就把所有软件都“吃掉”了。

这一次在 2026 年的不同之处在于速度。过去的平台变迁要以年为单位展开,而这一次以月为单位计。适应得快的团队会让优势不断复利;适应得慢的团队会发现自己越来越处于火力劣势。科技行业并不是一个只靠在 Jira 上打工单的真空世界;它已经成为全球竞争最激烈的行业之一。

真正难的部分

我觉得很多人忽略了这一点:写代码从来都不是最难的部分。

真正难的是弄清楚该造什么,以及对用户理解得足够深,才能知道他们真正需要什么;是把一个想法卖给持怀疑态度的利益相关者;是在信息不完整的情况下做出好决策;是在项目漫长的中段保持势头——当最初的兴奋消退,而终点线仍未可见。

Staff+(Staff 及以上)级别的工程师在公司里拿更高的薪酬,并不是因为他们写得更快,或者有一袋子编程花招。他们拿钱是因为判断力、上下文、以及“看见拐角后面”的能力。他们拿钱是为了交付、为错误负责、并行推进多条工作流并消除风险。

他们身上有过去失败留下的“疤”,而且不同于 Opus 4.5,当你提的要求很蠢时,他们会顶回去。这些都不会消失。相反,当团队把自己绑在能帮助他们更快造出“更多错误东西”的编码代理上时,这些能力只会变得更重要。

值得问的问题

这里有个诊断题:你上一次交付一个能推动公司真正关心的指标的东西是什么时候?你上一次和用户交谈是什么时候?你上一次做真正模糊、不确定的事情是什么时候?你上一次和销售、市场或客服一起并肩推进一个项目是什么时候?

如果你没法很快回答,你大概知道自己可能在哪支队伍里。

好消息是:所有人都在一起摸索这个大胆的新未来。操作手册还没有写出来,而且在很多方面,我们仍处在 AI 浪潮的最起点。公司极度渴求能帮他们把这件事弄明白的人。

就像此前的技术革命一样,AI 将是一个重新发明我们自己、我们的工作,以及我们在宇宙中寻找意义的时期。跨越鸿沟抵达彼岸的人,会发现自己比以往任何时候都更快乐、更有价值。

而那些等尘埃落定的人,可能会发现脚下已经没有立足之地。

链接:http://x.com/i/article/2013316181273317377

相关笔记

(Photo source Harvard University)

Developers are cooked.

If machines can code this well now, what's even the point of engineering?

The obvious answer sounds smart on the surface: it's over for developers. Like an agricultural society meeting the tractor, software engineers will need to reskill and do something else.

You'll often hear this take from people drawing parallels to the industrial revolution, or from founders raising their next huge AI round.

What's actually happening is the tech industry is splitting in two. We're at the beginning of a K-shaped divergence: some engineers becoming more valuable than ever, while others watch their skills depreciate in real-time.

Engineering is being displaced not replaced

AI isn't replacing software development, it's displacing it. The tech industry is reshaping what work looks like and who captures the value.

After over a decade working with engineering teams, I've noticed consistent themes of what separates high teams from mediocre ones. It rarely just has to do with coding speed.

Consider two teams:

Team A:

Cares about impact, not activity

Handles ambiguous problems without paralysis

Understands the product, business, and data not just the codebase

Designs high-leverage systems and actively reduces complexity

Adopts new tools quickly and applies them with taste

Stays comfortable during long stretches of exploration before committing to a direction

Finds creative solutions to hard problems

Obsesses over the user experience

Team B:

Debates libraries and design patterns as a form of procrastination

Builds before understanding the problem

Fixates on performative code quality

Bikesheds details instead of making users happy

Complains about headcount and stretches timelines

Adds process when things feel chaotic

Which team benefits more from AI that can generate working code in seconds?

The answer is obvious once you see it: AI is leverage, and leverage amplifies whatever you already are. Team A uses that leverage to explore more solutions, ship faster, and tackle problems they previously couldn't prioritize. Team B uses it to generate more code that wasn't going to be impactful anyway.

When I was at Pinterest, we were tasked with growing the SMB advertising business by 5x without a clear roadmap. My team rallied around this goal, shipping dozens of experiments. We redesigned onboarding, deployed ML models to improve targeting, dove into unfamiliar codebases and collaborated across product, data science, and sales continuously. Some bets worked and some didn't but we ended up overshooting our goal during my tenure there.

Was coding the most important part? It sure didn't feel like it. The code felt like an annoying means to an end. In the age of AI, that friction collapses tenfold.

Demand Won't Collapse

Software is unusual. Unlike farming or manufacturing, there's no natural ceiling on demand. There's no field that's fully planted, no quota that's been met. The work expands to fill the available capacity and then expands further.

When engineers become 3x more productive, companies don't automatically cut headcount by two-thirds. They chase opportunities they previously couldn't afford to pursue. They enter adjacent markets. They rebuild systems that were too expensive to touch. They raise the bar for what "good enough" means.

This isn't new. Technology companies have poured tens of billions of dollars into engineering productivity for decades. If coding output was the primary edge in the competitive marketplace, Google or Microsoft's army of engineers would've eaten up all of software a long time ago.

The difference this time in 2026 is speed. Previous platform shifts played out over years and this one is measured in months. The teams that adapt quickly will compound their advantages. The ones that don't will find themselves increasingly outgunned. The technology industry doesn't exist in a vacuum of Jira ticket punching, it's become one of the most competitive industries in the world.

The Part That's Actually Hard

Here's what I think people miss: coding was never the hardest part.

The hard part is figuring out what to build and understanding users well enough to know what they actually need. It's selling an idea to skeptical stakeholders. It's making good decisions with incomplete information. It's maintaining momentum through the long middle of a project when the initial excitement has faded and the finish line isn't yet visible.

Staff+ engineers aren't paid more in the company because they code faster or have a bag of programming tricks. They're paid for judgment, for context, for the ability to see around corners. They are paid to ship, to own mistakes, to parallelize workstreams and remove risk.

They have scar tissue from failures in the past and, unlike Opus 4.5, they'll push back when something you're asking is dumb. None of that is going away. If anything, it's becoming more important as teams strap themselves to coding agents that can help them build more of the wrong thing but much faster.

The Question Worth Asking

Here's a diagnostic: When's the last time you shipped something that moved a metric your company actually cares about? When's the last time you talked to a user? When's the last time you worked on something genuinely ambiguous? When was the last time you jammed on a project with sales, marketing, or customer service?

If you can't answer quickly, you know which team you might be on.

The good news is that everyone is figuring out this bold new future together. The playbooks haven't been written yet and in many ways we're still at the very beginning of the AI wave. Companies are starving for people that can help them figure it out.

Like the technology revolutions before it, AI will be a period to reinvent ourselves, our work and our search for meaning in the universe. The ones that cross the chasm to the other side will find themselves happier and more valuable than ever.

The ones who wait for the dust to settle may find there's no ground left to stand on.

Link: http://x.com/i/article/2013316181273317377

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